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C Language Overview.............................................................. 1 Facts about C ............................................................................................... 1 Why to use C ? ............................................................................................. 2 C Programs.................................................................................................. 2 C Environment Setup ............................................................... 3 Text Editor................................................................................................... 3 The C Compiler ............................................................................................ 3 Installation on Unix/Linux ............................................................................. 4 Installation on Mac OS.................................................................................. 4 Installation on Windows ............................................................................... 4 C Program Structure ................................................................ 5 C Hello World Example ................................................................................. 5 Compile & Execute C Program ....................................................................... 6 C Basic Syntax......................................................................... 7 Tokens in C .................................................................................................. 7 Semicolons ; ................................................................................................ 7 Comments................................................................................................... 8 Identifiers.................................................................................................... 8 Keywords .................................................................................................... 8 Whitespace in C ........................................................................................... 9 C Data Types ......................................................................... 10 Integer Types............................................................................................. 10 Floating-Point Types................................................................................... 11 The void Type ............................................................................................ 12 C Variables ............................................................................ 13 Variable Declaration in C................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Variable Initialization in C...............................Error! Bookmark not defined. Lvalues and Rvalues in C ............................................................................. 15 C Constants and Literals ........................................................ 17 Integer literals............................................................................................ 17 Floating-point literals.................................................................................. 18 Character constants.................................................................................... 18 iii String literals.............................................................................................. 19 Defining Constants..................................................................................... 19 The #define Preprocessor ...................................................................... 19 The const Keyword ................................................................................. 20 C Storage Classes ................................................................. 22 The auto Storage Class................................................................................ 22 The register Storage Class ........................................................................... 22 The static Storage Class............................................................................... 23 The extern Storage Class............................................................................. 24 C Operators ........................................................................... 25 Arithmetic Operators.................................................................................. 25 Relational Operators................................................................................... 26 Logical Operators....................................................................................... 28 Bitwise Operators....................................................................................... 29 Assignment Operators................................................................................ 31 Misc Operators ↦ sizeof & ternary .............................................................. 33 Operators Precedence in C.......................................................................... 33 Decision Making in C.............................................................. 35 if statement............................................................................................... 36 Syntax ..................................................................................................... 36 Flow Diagram.......................................................................................... 36 Example .................................................................................................. 36 if...else statement ...................................................................................... 37 Syntax ..................................................................................................... 37 Flow Diagram.......................................................................................... 38 Example .................................................................................................. 38 The if...else if...else Statement..................................................................... 39 Syntax ..................................................................................................... 39 Example .................................................................................................. 39 Nested if statements .................................................................................. 40 Syntax ..................................................................................................... 40 Example .................................................................................................. 40 switch statement ....................................................................................... 41 Syntax ..................................................................................................... 41 Flow Diagram.......................................................................................... 42 Example .................................................................................................. 42 Nested switch statements........................................................................... 43 Syntax ..................................................................................................... 43 Example .................................................................................................. 43 iii The ? : Operator......................................................................................... 44 C Loops.................................................................................. 45 while loop in C ........................................................................................... 46 Syntax ..................................................................................................... 46 Flow Diagram.......................................................................................... 46 Example .................................................................................................. 47 for loop in C............................................................................................... 47 Syntax ..................................................................................................... 47 Flow Diagram.......................................................................................... 48 Example .................................................................................................. 48 do...while loop in C..................................................................................... 49 Syntax ..................................................................................................... 49 Flow Diagram.......................................................................................... 50 Example .................................................................................................. 50 nested loops in C........................................................................................ 51 Syntax ..................................................................................................... 51 Example .................................................................................................. 52 break statement in C .................................................................................. 53 Syntax ..................................................................................................... 53 Flow Diagram.......................................................................................... 53 Example .................................................................................................. 54 continue statement in C.............................................................................. 54 Syntax ..................................................................................................... 54 Flow Diagram.......................................................................................... 55 Example .................................................................................................. 55 goto statement in C.................................................................................... 56 Syntax ..................................................................................................... 56 Flow Diagram.......................................................................................... 56 Example .................................................................................................. 57 The Infinite Loop ........................................................................................ 57 C Functions............................................................................ 59 Defining a Function .................................................................................... 59 Example .................................................................................................. 60 Function Declarations................................................................................. 60 Calling a Function....................................................................................... 60 Function Arguments................................................................................... 61 Function call by value ............................................................................. 62 Function call by reference....................................................................... 63 C Scope Rules ....................................................................... 65 iii Local Variables........................................................................................... 65 Global Variables......................................................................................... 66 Formal Parameters..................................................................................... 67 Initializing Local and Global Variables........................................................... 67 C Arrays ................................................................................. 69 Declaring Arrays......................................................................................... 69 Initializing Arrays........................................................................................ 70 Accessing Array Elements............................................................................ 70 Multi-dimensional Arrays............................................................................ 71 Two-Dimensional Arrays............................................................................. 71 Initializing Two-Dimensional Arrays.............................................................. 72 Accessing Two-Dimensional Array Elements ................................................. 72 Passing Arrays as Function Arguments.......................................................... 73 Way-1...................................................................................................... 73 Way-2...................................................................................................... 74 Way-3....................................................................................................... 74 Example .................................................................................................. 74 Return array from function.......................................................................... 75 Pointer to an Array ..................................................................................... 77 C Pointers .............................................................................. 79 What Are Pointers? .................................................................................... 80 How to use Pointers?.................................................................................. 80 NULL Pointers in C...................................................................................... 81 Pointer arithmetic ...................................................................................... 81 Incrementing a Pointer ............................................................................... 82 Decrementing a Pointer.............................................................................. 83 Pointer Comparisons .................................................................................. 83 Array of pointers........................................................................................ 84 Pointer to Pointer....................................................................................... 86 Passing pointers to functions....................................................................... 87 Return pointer from functions..................................................................... 88 C Strings ................................................................................ 91 C Structures ........................................................................... 94 Defining a Structure.................................................................................... 94 Accessing Structure Members ..................................................................... 95 Structures as Function Arguments ............................................................... 96 Pointers to Structures................................................................................. 97 C Unions .............................................................................. 100 Defining a Union ...................................................................................... 100 iii Accessing Union Members ........................................................................ 101 Bit Fields .............................................................................. 103 Bit Field Declaration ................................................................................. 104 Typedef................................................................................ 106 typedef vs #define.................................................................................... 107 Input & Output...................................................................... 108 The Standard Files.................................................................................... 108 The getchar() & putchar() functions ........................................................... 108 The gets() & puts() functions ..................................................................... 109 The scanf() and printf() functions............................................................... 110 File I/O ................................................................................. 111 Opening Files........................................................................................... 111 Closing a File............................................................................................ 112 Writing a File ........................................................................................... 112 Reading a File........................................................................................... 113 Binary I/O Functions................................................................................. 114 Preprocessors...................................................................... 115 Preprocessors Examples............................................................................ 115 Predefined Macros................................................................................... 116 Preprocessor Operators............................................................................ 117 Macro Continuation (\) .......................................................................... 117 Stringize (#)........................................................................................... 117 Token Pasting (##)................................................................................ 118 The defined() Operator ......................................................................... 118 Parameterized Macros.............................................................................. 119 Header Files......................................................................... 120 Include Syntax.......................................................................................... 120 Include Operation .................................................................................... 121 Once-Only Headers .................................................................................. 121 Computed Includes................................................................................... 122 Type Casting........................................................................ 123 Integer Promotion.................................................................................... 124 Usual Arithmetic Conversion ..................................................................... 124 Error Handling...................................................................... 126 The errno, perror() and strerror()............................................................... 126 Divide by zero errors ................................................................................ 127 Program Exit Status.................................................................................. 128 Recursion............................................................................. 129 Number Factorial ..................................................................................... 129 iii Fibonacci Series ....................................................................................... 130 Variable Arguments.............................................................. 131 Memory Management .......................................................... 133 Allocating Memory Dynamically................................................................. 133 Resizing and Releasing Memory................................................................. 134 Command Line Arguments................................................... 136

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